The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essays

The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essays The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essay The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Essay The Bosman case and its influences on the competitive balance in the European football market Introduction Jean-Marc Bosman was a football player in the first division in Belgium and wanted to play for the French team Dunkerque after his contract expired in 1990. The transfer did not succeed because Dunkerques transfer fee was not high enough so his club RFC Li? ©ge refused and Bosman had to wait for a higher offer. Subsequently Bosman sued against the FIFA rules and ought to be proved right. The following pages outlines the consequences of the Judgment of the so called Bosman ruling on he transfer system and on the competitive balance of the European football market. The Judgment An indicator that shows the dimension of the Bosman case is the official title it-self: Union Royale Belge des Soci? ©t? ©s de Football Association ASBL v. Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club Li? ©geois SA v. Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des Associations Europ? ©ennes de Football (UEFA) v. Jean-Marc Bosman (Case C-41 5/93. European The case took place at the European Court of Court reports 1995, page 1-4921). Justice (ECJ) in Luxemburg and was about two different issues. The first one Bosmans omplaint addressed two separate issues, one of them concerns the existing transfer regulation, whereby a professional football player is not allowed to transfer for free at the end of the contract. The other subject is the so called 3+2 rule of the European Football Federation (UEFA) which limits the number of foreign players on the field. Five foreign players in play are the maximum in a competitive match upon condition that two of them having played for at least five years in the clubs country (R. Parrish, (2003), Sports law and policy in the European Union, p. 226). Bosman s rgumentation based on the article 48 (Treaties of Rome) which deals amongst others with the free movement of workers in an international labour market and guarantees the equal treatment of workers of the member states regardless their nationality (Rom Treaties, 1957). The legal process lasted five long years, in the end the counter-arguments of the opposition the exceptional position of sport as a cultural goods failed despite the big lobby of sport associations. One basis of decision- making was the landmark case of Walrave in 1974 in which is stated that sport falls nder the scope of application of Community law (Article 2 EEC), therefore the and with this is applicable to the Article 48 (ECC). This Judicature ensured the free movement of workers within the European Union and the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States (R. arnsh, (2003), p. 226). Influences on the competitive balance within the European leagues The legal victory at the EC] ought to have a lasting effect on the competitive balance between national European leagues. The open labour market resulted in a shift of ower from the smaller markets for example Netherlands and Scotland to the bigger ones namely England, Spain, Germany, F rance and Italy also known as the big 5. Former important historical teams such as Ajax Amsterdam were not able to keep up with big 5 teams and had to face upcoming teams from Russia and Ukraine in European competitions as well (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000). This competitive disadvantage of smaller market teams is correlated to freedom of movement within the member states and the abolition of the limitation of the number of foreign players. The balance of power shifted from the clubs to the players, who could choose the clubs with the highest wages and resulted in a substantial player emigration from smaller to bigger markets. Ever since then, it is an increasing competition to attract the best player talents (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000, p. 43). A study published in the Annual Review of the European Players Labour Market tried to measure the creasing concentration of player talent in the big 5 markets. Therefore, the study compared the US World Cup 1994 which took place before the Bosman case and the World Cup in Germany 2006. The comparison of the eleven ountries who participated in both competitions highlighted the dominating position of the big 5 leagues. In 1994, 43 % of the players made their money in the big 5, compared to 50% in 2006. In order to measure the migration of playing talent, the study left out players who worked in their own country, in this regard the fgures increased from 18,2 % in 1994 to 25,3 % in 2006. In contrast to this, the coefficient for the smaller market leagues state the same with a menial decrease from 3,7 % to 3,6 % (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000). To underline the decreasing competitive balance between the European football eagues, the percentage of international players in the top five clubs of each league in the big 5 was 64,6 %, while the respectively league average was well below (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000). Another interesting indicator for this are the last 17 final results of the Champions League, Ajax Amsterdam won it in the year of the Bosman Judgment and the FC Porto from Portugal in the year 2004. All 15 other possible Champions League goblets went to teams out of the big 5. One approach of sports economists was to combine the European professional football with some characteristics of the US sports model revenue sharing, salary cap, etc. ) to counteract the concentration on the bigger markets. The problem was that this kind of cross-subsidization would be difficult to implement in the structures of European football (DeJonghe Van Obstal, 2000, p. Conclusion The Bosman case is a landmark in the European football history, it created an open labour market with the result of talent concentration on the bigger markets. The World Cup studies as well as the performances of teams in the European Champions League in the last 16 years underline a decline in competitive balance between the European leagues. In my opinion the financial fair play concept of the UEFA is a good approach to antagonize the power concentration on the bigger markets. The idea of the system is to regulate the balance between the financial earning and spending plus the amount of indebtedness of a club. If there is any control deviation the UEFA has the possibility to exclude this club from international competitions. Just one question remains if the UEFA will take decisive action against clubs who trespass against the rules of the game!? References Case C-41 5/93. European Court reports 1995, page 1-4921 R. Parrish, (2003), Sports law and policy in the European Union, Rom Treaties (art. 2 + art. 48) T. DeJonghe, (2000), Rivista di Dritto ed Economica dello Sport Article 48 1 . The free movement of workers shall be ensured within the Community not later than at the date of the expiry of the transitional period. 2. This shall involve the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States, as regards employment, remuneration and other working conditions. 3. It shall include the right, subject to limitations Justified by reasons of public order, ublic safety and public health: (a) to accept offers of employment actually made; (b) to move about freely for this purpose within the territory of Member States; (c) to stay in any Member State in order to carry on an employment in conformity with the legislative and administrative provisions governing the employment of the workers of that State; and (d) to live, on conditions which shall be the subject of implementing regulations to be laid down by the Commission, in the territory of a Member State after having been employed there. iministration.

Low SAT Scores What Should You Do

Low SAT Scores What Should You Do SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If your scores on the SAT are on the lower side, you will benefit more from prep strategies that are targeted towards your specific situation. High and low scorers usually have different struggles and goals on the SAT, so the methods that work best for each of them will differ significantly. In this article, I'll cover the reasons why high and low SAT scorers should prepare differently and which strategies SAT low scorers should and shouldn't use to have the best chances of improving their scores. Why Should High and Low Scorers Prepare Differently for the SAT? It’s common for prep books and services to advocate a one-size-fits-all approach to preparing for the SAT.This strategy can be harmful because high and low scorers have distinctneeds. Students at different score levels should approach the test in different ways so that they end up with the best chances of improving their scores. High scorers are students who are consistently scoring 1800 or higher on SAT practice tests, and low scorers are students who are consistently scoring below 1500 on SAT practice tests. Students who are between these two scores may find advice for both scoring categories helpful depending on the types of mistakes they tend to make. High scorers usually make different types of mistakes than low scorers.Their problems are more likely to come from careless mistakes and rushing.The problems that lower scorers have might be a result of gaps in content knowledge or focusing too much on difficult questions and running out of time. It'smore challenging for high scorers to improve their scores. The closer you get to a perfect score, the more of a difference one or two incorrect answers will make. High scorers who hope to do even better will have to zero in on the minutia of test-taking, but low scorers will benefit more fromtaking a broader approach and attacking the test at a basic level.The goal for low scorers is to try and answer all the easy questions and not waste time on difficult questions that they’re less likely to answer correctly.The goal for high scorers is to answer every question regardless of difficulty level and avoid running out of time or rushing and making careless mistakes. Remember, these aren’t fixed categories, just suggestions based on yourstarting point.A low scorer can ultimately turn into a high scorer and should make changes in his or her testing strategies accordingly.In the rest of this article, I will go over the best strategies for students who are currently in the "low scorer" category on the SAT. As you journey through your own personal wormhole of self-improvement on the SAT, you might change your study strategy to account for higher scores! Strategies for Low SAT Scorers Your goal as a low scorer is to get the maximum amount of points in the least amount of time. This means that you will have to approach the test strategically and avoid wasting time on questions that won't help your scores. It's best to look at the test as a fast-paced game or competition - you're not striving for perfection at every stage of the process, you're just trying to get through it and snag as many points as possible in the limited time you have. Here are some of the best strategies for low scorers who are looking to improve their performance significantly. Understand Your Mistakes If you’re trying to improve low SAT scores,it’s really important that you know where you’re going wrong and what might be holding you back.As a low scorer, you’re more likely to have problems with the content on the test in terms of math concepts and grammar rules, but you might also be making mistakes as a result of careless errors or misunderstandings.Most errors fall into one of these four categories: Careless mistake:you should have known the answer, but you got the question wrong because you rushed or didn't read carefully. Time issue:you didn't make it to the question before your time for the section was up. Misunderstanding the question:the wording of the question confused you, so you interpreted it wrong and answered incorrectly or were forced to guess. Lack of content knowledge:you never learned the fundamental skills that you needed to answer the question (this happens most often in the Math section). It’s a good idea for you totake a practice test or two and categorize your mistakes.This way, you can start practicing targeted studying that’s directed towards fixing the specific problems you have on the test.Consult our article on understanding your mistakes (link in the title of this section!) to get a more complete overview of this process. I'll also give some more specific advice about how to address common mistakes that low scorers make in the next couple of sections. Prevent Time Issues: Skip Difficult Questions If you’re scoring relatively low on the SAT, getting stuck on difficult questions can hurt your score.It’s in your best interests to skip any questions that are especially challenging for you.The best strategy is just to skip questions that you don’t know at first glance so that you have enough time to get through the whole section. Make sure you have time to answer every single easy question so you don’t miss out on any points! You might be able to go back to difficult questions at the end if you still have time, but these questions should be your last priority.Leaving the most difficult questions blank won’t ruin your scores if you’re not aiming for perfection. In the Reading section, for example, you can technically skip twenty questions and still get a 600.You need to focus primarily on accuracy in your answers to questions that you understand better. As a general rule, skip a question if you find yourself spending more than 30 seconds on it. For more in depth pacing strategies, take a look at our advice on how to stop running out of time on SAT Reading and SAT Math. Skip it, just like this creepy child. Fill in Content Gaps As a low scorer, it's very important that you diagnose and repair any gaps in your knowledge that you notice through taking practice tests. Content gaps are a common issue on the Math section because some students may have forgotten mathematical concepts that they learned a while ago or didn't fully understand in class. Filling in these gaps in your knowledge can go a long way towards building your confidence on the test and raising your scores. To fix these types of issues, you might turn to SAT prep books, class notes, or your school textbooks for study materials. See our list of the best SAT prep books for some ideas on how you can brush up on your content knowledge in different subject areas. Once you have the appropriate background knowledge, you can start trying out your newfound skills on SAT practice questions that pertain to the topic that was causing you problems. Learn to Eliminate Question Misunderstandings Question misunderstandings are a common problem on the SAT for low scorers in particular. Since the wording of SAT questions is often weird and confusing, it's easy to mix up what the test is asking for and make a mistake. A good overall strategy for avoiding this is to write down what the question is asking in a simpler form that makes more sense to you. For math questions, you can also underline the value that you're being asked to find so that you don't get sidetracked in your calculations. For questions in the reading section where the wording is confusing, underlining the most important parts of the question can also be helpful. This will remind you of what you should be focusing on as you read relevant information in the passage and prevent you from choosing answers that deviate slightly from the question's main focus. You can also prevent yourself from falling victim to these types of mistakes just by doing more practice questions. The more comfortable you are with the format of the test, the less prone you will be to misinterpreting questions. Ha it's focusing on the piece of paper that says focus. Genius. But seriously, focusing on the most important parts of each question is the key to avoiding misunderstandings! Strategies Low Scorers Should Avoid Just like there are study strategies that are especially helpful for low scorers, there are some that are especiallyunhelpfulif you have low SAT scores.Make sure to avoid these common mistakes in how you approach the test. Focusing Too Much on Careless Mistakes As a low scorer, you may be making some careless mistakes, but it's likely that you have larger problems that need to be addressed first. High scorers need to devote time to fixing the problems in their testing strategy that cause careless mistakes because they are aiming for elite scores. Low scorers need to focus on deeper issues with time, content, and question misunderstandings before delving into the realm of careless mistakes. Many students also have a tendency to diagnose too many mistakes that they make on practice tests as just "careless" when the mistakes are actually part of a different problem with their understanding of the question or with time management. You may find that your careless mistakes as a low scorer will automatically decrease as you begin to fix other issues that you have with the test. After you've fully understood and fixed other types of mistakes, you may find that you've moved up into the high scorer category and can begin to zero in on smaller issues like careless errors that are only causing you to lose a few points here and there. Pressuring Yourself to Answer Every Question High scorers who are aiming to get perfect or close to perfect results on the SAT need to make sure that they answer every question. Low scorers, however, can damage their scores if they subscribe to this mindset. As I said earlier, even if you leave twenty questions blank on the Reading section (and get everything else right) you can still get a 600. This tells you that trying to answer every single question is not a productive strategy for low scorers. If you have it in your head that you need to answer all the questions in each section, this can make it more difficult for you to focus and cause greater test anxiety. This may ultimately lead to lower scores in the long run if you spend too much energy trying to figure out difficult questions and don't have enough time to grab all the easy points. There's no need to put this kind of pressure on yourself as a low scorer! Don't let yourself get to the point where this seems like a good idea. Conclusion Students with low SAT scoresshould use different strategies than high scorers to prepare for the SAT. You're more likely to make certain types of mistakes as a low scorer, and most of your energy should go towards fixing those problems. The best strategies for low scorers include: Understanding your mistakes Skipping difficult questions Filling in content gaps Avoiding question misunderstandings Low scorers should avoid strategies like focusing exclusively on careless errors or attempting to answer every question on the test. As your scores improve, you might end up reaching a level where these strategies are more relevant, but for now you should focus on the deeper issues you have with content and format on the SAT. What's Next? For more advice on improving your scores, read our articles on how to get a 600 on SAT Math, SAT Reading, and SAT Writing. You should also check out these fifteen quick tips for improving your overall scores on the SAT. Struggling with the SAT essay? Here are a bunch of different strategies for improving your score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: